J. F.  McAlpine, ?Morphology and terminology ? adults?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, pp. 9-63.

C. W.  Sabrosky, ?Chapter 79. Milichiidae?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 2, J. F.  McAlpine, Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and Wood, D. M., Eds. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987, pp. 903-908.

J. F.  McAlpine, ?Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha?, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3, Ottawa: Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, 1989, pp. 1397-1518.