00584nas a2200145   4500008004100000245015600041210006900197300000900266490001400275653002100289100002900310700002600339700002300365856005000388       2015                        eng d00aLestes dryas (Odonata: Lestidae)  und kommensalische Fliegen   (Diptera: Chloropidae), mit einer   Übersicht über Kleptoparasitismus  bei Halmfliegen0 aLestes dryas Odonata Lestidae und kommensalische Fliegen Diptera  a1-120 v14 (2014)10akleptoparasitism1 avon Tschirnhaus, Michael1 aBorkenstein, Angelika1 aJödicke, Reinhard  uhttps://milichiidae.myspecies.info/node/2295402736nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245011000055210006900165490000600234520197800240100002202218700001802240700001702258700002902275700001802304700001902322700002602341700002002367700001702387700002102404856008102425       2015                        eng d  a2296-701X00aDeceptive Ceropegia dolichophylla fools its kleptoparasitic fly pollinators with exceptional floral scent0 aDeceptive Ceropegia dolichophylla fools its kleptoparasitic fly 0 v33 a<p>Ceropegia species (Apocynaceae) have deceptive pitfall flowers and exploit small flies as pollinators, supposedly by chemical mimicry. Only preliminary data on the composition of flower scents are available for a single species so far, and the mimicry system is not yet understood in any species. We collected data on basic pollination aspects of C. dolichophylla, analyzed floral scent by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC/MS), identified electrophysiologically active scent components by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD), and determined compounds responsible for pollinator attraction in bioassays. We found that flowers of C. dolichophylla are visited by small flies of several taxa. Only Milichiidae and Chloropidae carried pollinaria and are, thus, pollinators. The pollen transfer efficiency (PTE) at two different sites was 2% and 4%, respectively. The floral scent was dominated by spiroacetals, mainly (2S,6R,8S)-8-methyl-2-propyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, n-tridecane, and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide. This spiroacetal and the acetamide elicited the most intense electrophysiological responses in fly antennae, and bioassays confirmed the capability of the spiroacetal in eliciting behavioral responses in pollinators. Most flies, determined as pollinators of C. dolichophylla, are kleptoparasites. They exploit insect prey of predatory arthropods as food source to which they are attracted by volatiles. 8-Methyl-2-propyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide have not been identified before as volatiles of other plants, however, they are known as insect volatiles. Both compounds occur in the venom glands of paper wasps, a potential food source for the pollinators of C. dolichophylla. We propose that C. dolichophylla shows a kleptomyiophilous pollination strategy. It mimics insect related odors to exploit the food-seeking behavior of its kleptoparasitic pollinators.</p>
1 aHeiduk, Annemarie1 aKong, Hanghui1 aBrake, Irina1 avon Tschirnhaus, Michael1 aTolasch, Till1 aTröger, Armin1 aWittenberg, Elisabeth1 aFrancke, Wittko1 aMeve, Ulrich1 aDötterl, Stefan  uhttp://www.frontiersin.org/chemical_ecology/10.3389/fevo.2015.00066/abstract