02656nas a2200325 4500008004100000245005900041210005900100300001400159490000800173520176200181653002101943653002301964653002001987653003102007653002202038100001402060700001702074700001902091700001602110700001502126700001302141700002402154700001602178700002002194700001502214700002302229700001202252700001602264856005002280 2017 eng d00aFloral scent and pollinators of Ceropegia trap flowers0 aFloral scent and pollinators of Ceropegia trap flowers a169–1820 v2323 a

Ceropegia L. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) comprises more than 200 species, all characterized by complex pitfall flowers. The deceptive flowers are myiophilous and pollinated predominantly by small flies from different families. It has been suggested that floral scent cues, that mimic food sources or oviposition sites, play an important role for attraction of target fly pollinators, and, together with morphological flower traits, explain the high functional specialization in terms of pollination by specific taxa. However, apart from two Ceropegia species, the floral scent composition and the mimicry strategies in this genus are unexplored. We tested for associations between floral scent and insect visitor and pollinator assemblages of 14 Ceropegia species. We also used nrDNA and chloroplast DNA markers to calculate a Maximum Likelihood tree and test for phylogenetic signal in scent chemistry and flower visitors/pollinators. The observed pollinators belonged to eight fly families, at least 18 genera, and 33 morphospecies, but each Ceropegia species was typically associated with only one or two pollinating fly families or genera. We detected a total of 317 floral volatiles, including aliphatic and aromatic components, terpenes, and various unknowns. Both flower visitor and pollinator patterns did not show an overall association with floral
scent chemistry. There was phylogenetic signal in flower visiting fly families and fly pollinator assemblages, but not in flower visiting fly morphospecies and overall scent chemistry. We discuss that despite the not existing correlation between pollinator and scent patterns the highly specific pollination system in Ceropegia will be explained mainly by floral scent chemistry.

10aChemical mimicry10aDeceptive strategy10aFly pollination10aPollen transfer efficiency10aScent specificity1 aHeiduk, A1 aBrake, Irina1 aTschirnhaus, M1 aHaenni, J P1 aMiller, R.1 aHash, J.1 aPrieto-Benítez, S.1 aJürgens, A1 aJohnson, S., D.1 aSchulz, S.1 aLiede-Schumann, S.1 aMeve, U1 aDötterl, S uhttps://milichiidae.myspecies.info/node/2351802258nas a2200217 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142260001500211300000800226490000700234520162300241100001401864700001701878700001901895700001401914700001601928700002001944700001201964700001601976856004801992 2016 eng d00aCeropegia sandersonii mimics attacked honeybees to attract kleptoparasitic flies for pollination0 aCeropegia sandersonii mimics attacked honeybees to attract klept c2016/10/24 a1-70 v263 a

Four to six percent of plants, distributed over different angiosperm families, entice pollinators by deception [1]. In these systems, chemical mimicry is often used as an efficient way to exploit the olfactory preferences of animals for the purpose of attracting them as pollinators [2,3]. Here, we report a very specific type of chemical mimicry of a food source. Ceropegia sandersonii (Apocynaceae), a deceptive South African plant with pitfall flowers, mimics attacked honeybees. We identified kleptoparasitic Desmometopa flies (Milichiidae) as the main pollinators of C. sandersonii. These flies are well known to feed on honeybees that are eaten by spiders, which we thus predicted as the model chemically mimicked by the plant. Indeed, we found that the floral scent of C. sandersonii is comparable to volatiles released from honeybees when under simulated attack. Moreover, many of these shared compounds elicited physiological responses in antennae of pollinating Desmometopa flies. A mixture of four compounds—geraniol, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanol, and (E)-2-octen-1-yl acetate—was highly attractive to the flies. We conclude that C. sandersonii is specialized on kleptoparasitic fly pollinators by deploying volatiles linked to the flies’ food source, i.e., attacked and/or freshly killed honeybees. The blend of compounds emitted by C. sandersonii is unusual among flowering plants and lures kleptoparasitic flies into the trap flowers. This study describes a new example of how a plant can achieve pollination through chemical mimicry of the food sources of adult carnivorous animals.

1 aHeiduk, A1 aBrake, Irina1 aTschirnhaus, M1 aGöhl, M.1 aJürgens, A1 aJohnson, S., D.1 aMeve, U1 aDötterl, S uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.08500593nas a2200181 4500008004100000245010900041210006900150300001400219490000800233653001400241653001600255100001600271700001700287700001200304700001400316700001900330856006200349 2009 eng d00aFly pollination in Ceropegia (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae): biogeographic and phylogenetic perspectives0 aFly pollination in Ceropegia Apocynaceae Asclepiadoideae biogeog a1501-15140 v10310aCeropegia10apollination1 aOllerton, J1 aMasinde, P S1 aMeve, U1 aPicker, M1 aWhittington, A uhttp://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/103/9/1501.full.pdf02457nas a2200277 4500008004100000245011200041210006900153300000800222490000700230520162800237653001001865653002401875653001201899653001601911653002801927653002201955653001601977100001401993700001702007700001502024700001302039700001602052700001202068700001602080856008302096 2010 eng d00aScent chemistry and pollinator attraction in the deceptive trap flowers of Ceropegia dolichophylla0 aScent chemistry and pollinator attraction in the deceptive trap  a7620 v763 aCeropegia species (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) have pitfall flowers and are pollinated by small flies through deception. It has beensuggested that these flies are attracted by floral scent. However, the scent that is emitted from Ceropegia flowers has not been studied usingheadspace and gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods. It has also been unclear whether or not the flowers are mimics of particularmodels that attract flies. In the present study, we determined the composition as well as the spatial and temporal patterns of floral scent emitted byC. dolichophylla. Furthermore, we determined the pollinators in the native (China) and non-native (Germany) range of this species, and tested thecapability of the floral scent to attract flies in the non-native range. Our data demonstrate that the floral scent, which is emitted from morning untilevening, primarily from the tips of the corolla lobes, consists mainly of spiroacetals and aliphatic compounds. Milichiid flies were commonvisitors/pollinators in the native as well as non-native range, and were attracted by floral scent in bioassays performed in the non-native range. Thecompounds emitted by C. dolichophylla are unusual for flowers, but are well known from insect pheromones and occur in the glandular secretionsof insects. The milichiid flies that visit and pollinate the flowers are kleptoparasites that feed on the prey (haemolymph or other secretions) ofpredatory arthropods, e.g. spiders, to which they are attracted by scent. Our data thus suggest that the floral scent of C. dolichophylla mimics thefeeding sites of kleptoparasitic flies.10aChina10aDesmometopa sordida10aGermany10aMilichiidae10aNeophyllomyza acyglossa10aNeophyllomyza sp.10apollination1 aHeiduk, A1 aBrake, Irina1 aTolasch, T1 aFrank, J1 aJürgens, A1 aMeve, U1 aDötterl, S uhttp://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Heiduk%20et%20al_2010.pdf