@article {23906, title = {{\textquoteleft}Bleeding{\textquoteright} flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) mimic wounded insects to attract kleptoparasitic fly pollinators}, journal = {New Phytologist}, volume = {239}, year = {2023}, month = {Apr-04-2023}, pages = {1490-1504}, abstract = {

Summary Kleptomyiophily, where flowers imitate wounded insects to attract \‘kleptoparasitic\’ flies as pollinators, is one of the most specialized types of floral mimicry and often involves physical trapping devices. However, the diversity of pollinators and functional floral traits involved in this form of mimicry remain poorly understood. We report a novel example of kleptomyiophily in the nontrapping flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii and explore the floral traits responsible for attracting pollinators. The pollinators, reproductive biology and floral traits (including epidermal surfaces, spectral reflectance and the composition of nectariferous petal secretions and scent) were investigated. Attractive volatiles were identified using electrophysiological and behavioural experiments. Ceropegia gerrardii was predominantly pollinated by kleptoparasitic Desmometopa spp. (Milichiidae) flies. The flower corollas extrude a protein- and sugar-containing secretion, similar to the haemolymph of wounded insects, on which the flies feed. Floral scent was chemically similar to that of injured honey bees. Four out of 24 electrophysiologically active compounds, all released by injured honey bees, were identified as key players in pollinator attraction. Our results suggest that C.\ gerrardii flowers chemically mimic wounded honey bees to attract kleptoparasitic flies and reward them with a secretion similar to the haemolymph on which they would normally feed.

}, keywords = {behavioural trap, Brachystelma, electroantennographic detection, floral scent, fly-pollination, haemolymph mimicry, honey bee mimicry, kleptoparasitism}, issn = {0028-646X, 1469-8137}, doi = {10.1111/nph.18888}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.18888}, author = {Heiduk, Annemarie and Brake, Irina and Shuttleworth, Adam and Johnson, Steven D.} } @article {23091, title = {Web gigantism in Darwin{\textquoteright}s bark spider, a new species from Madagascar}, journal = {Journal of Arachnology}, volume = {38}, year = {2010}, pages = {346-356}, abstract = {

The remarkable bark spiders (genus Caerostris: Araneidae) are poorly known Old World tropical orb-weavers, those diversity, currently at 11 species, is grossly underestimated. Most species build large webs at forest edges, clearings, and gardens, but in Madagascar, probably the hot spot of Caerostris diversity, at least one species occupies a unique ecological niche: casting its web across streams, rivers and lakes, so that the orb is suspended above water and attached to substrate on each riverbank via bridgelines up to 25 m. Here, we summarize current knowledge on Caerostris natural history, and specifically focus on the remarkable web architecture and biology of the newly described Caerostris darwini n. sp. Darwin\’s bark spider builds its web, a regular orb suspended above water, and maintains it with daily reinforcing of bridgelines and renewal of orb for many days. Web size ranged from 900\–28,000 cm2, with the largest measured web of about 2.8 m2 being the largest orb ever measured, to our knowledge. With anchor lines capable of bridging over 25 m, it also builds the longest webs among all spiders\—a unique form of web gigantism. We report on mass capture of ephemeropteran prey items in C. darwini n. sp. webs during a single day. Webs contained up to 32 mayflies that were subsequently wrapped en masse before the spider fed on them. We also provide the first evidence of kleptoparasitism in these webs both by other spiders (Argyrodinae) and by newly documented, undescribed symbiotic flies. Caerostris display extreme sexual size dimorphism with large females and small males, which is manifested in enigmatic sexual behaviors such as mate guarding, male-male aggressiveness, genital mutilation, mate plugging, and self castration. Caerostris is thus a promising candidate for evolutionary studies, and its diversity, biology, and phylogenetic relationships all deserve a closer scrutiny.

}, keywords = {Diversity, DNA barcode, genital mutilation, kleptoparasitism, morphology, orb web architecture, sexual behavior, sexual size dimorphism}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/B09-113.1}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1636/B09-113.1}, author = {Kuntner, M and Agnarsson, I} } @article {23071, title = {Natural prey of the crab spider Xysticus marmoratus (Araneae: Thomisidae) on Eryngium plants}, journal = {Journal of Arachnology}, volume = {42}, year = {2014}, pages = {130{\textendash}132}, abstract = {

The natural prey of medium-sized juvenile (ca. 3 mm) crab spiders Xysticus marmoratus Thorell 1875 inhabiting Eryngium biebersteinianum plants was studied on the Absheron Peninsula, Azerbaijan. The percentage of specimens found feeding on prey was low (3.4\%). Xysticus marmoratus is a polyphagous predator with representatives of four arthropod orders found in its diet. The primary food of X. marmoratus was ants (Formicidae), which accounted for 83.3\% of the total number of prey. The length of prey killed by X. marmoratus ranged between 0.87\–7.50 mm (mean 2.96 mm) and constituted from 28.5\–300.0\% (mean 96.9\%) of the length of their captors. The most frequently captured size group of prey was 50\–70\% the length of the spiders.

}, keywords = {Araneae, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/P13-86.1}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1636/P13-86.1}, author = {Fizuli oglu Huseynov, E} } @article {22954, title = {Lestes dryas (Odonata: Lestidae) und kommensalische Fliegen (Diptera: Chloropidae), mit einer {\"U}bersicht {\"u}ber Kleptoparasitismus bei Halmfliegen}, journal = {Mercuriale - Libellen in Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg}, volume = {14 (2014)}, year = {2015}, pages = {1-12}, keywords = {kleptoparasitism}, author = {von Tschirnhaus, Michael and Borkenstein, Angelika and J{\"o}dicke, Reinhard} } @article {22145, title = {Desmometopa-k{\"a}rp{\"a}slajit h{\"a}m{\"a}h{\"a}kkien ja petohy{\"o}nteisten ruokavieraina}, journal = {Luonnon Yst{\"a}v{\"a}}, volume = {10}, year = {1906}, pages = {41-45}, chapter = {41}, keywords = {Desmometopa m-nigrum, Desmometopa sordida, Europe, Finland, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, Reduviidae, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Lundstr{\"o}m_1906_41.pdf}, author = {Lundstr{\"o}m, C.} } @article {21945, title = {Spinne mit Wildbiene und Mitessern}, year = {2011}, month = {4. Juli 2011}, pages = {1m 58s}, publisher = {Wikipedia}, address = {Germany}, keywords = {bees, Desmometopa m-nigrum, Germany, kleptoparasitism, spiders}, url = {http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Ksp-2011-07-04.ogv}, author = {[username] Pristurus} } @article {21826, title = {Observation on a klepto-parasitic species at Posof (NE Turkey) (Diptera, Milichiidae; Hymenoptera, Apidae; Aranea, Thomisidae)}, journal = {CESA News}, volume = {61}, year = {2010}, note = {Posof{\textquoteright}ta bir klepto-parasit tur ile ilgili gozlem (Kuzey Dogu Anadolu) (Diptera, Milichiidae; Hymenoptera, Apidae; Aranea, Thomisidae).}, month = {2010/12/23}, pages = {1-2}, type = {Article}, abstract = {This short note deals with the occurrence of Misumena vatia (Thomisidae), Apis mellifera (Apidae, Hymenoptera), and a milichiid fly (Diptera) around Posof at 1725m (Ardahan Prov., NE Turkey), near to the state boundry of Georgia. Milichiidae of Turkey and behaviour of klepto-parasitic groups are reviewed.}, keywords = {Apis mellifera, Desmometopa, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, spiders, Turkey}, url = {http://ia600404.us.archive.org/9/items/CentreForEntomologicalStudiesAnkaraCesaNewsNr.61/Cesa61.pdf}, author = {Kemal, Muhabbet and Kocak, Ahmet Omer} } @article {21820, title = {Asilida {\'e}s lovasa}, journal = {Rovartani lapok}, volume = {4}, year = {1897}, pages = {129}, type = {article}, keywords = {Agromyza minutissima, Asilidae, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza wulpi}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Bir{\'o}_1897.pdf}, author = {Bir{\'o}, L.} } @article {15742, title = {Kleptoparasitism, a very unusual relationship between a spider, its bee prey and some clever, opportunistic flies}, journal = {Entomologica Romanica}, volume = {11}, year = {2006}, pages = {87-88}, abstract = {

The paper presents a field observation of kleptoparasitic behavior of a fly species, with multiple individuals congregating on a bee caught by a crab spider. This event was observed several times, in different places, around the city of Brasov, Romania, always in cool and wet weather. A few brief notes from the literature are presented as to some possible chemical mechanisms of this behavior.

}, keywords = {kleptoparasitism}, isbn = {1224-2594}, url = {http://er.lepidoptera.ro/11_2006/ER11200611_Albu.pdf}, author = {Albu, Valeriu} } @article {15565, title = {Report on Milichiella lacteipennis (Loew) (Diptera: Milichiidae), attracted to various bugs (Hemiptera: Coreidae \& Pentatomidae)}, journal = {Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle}, volume = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {16-20}, chapter = {16}, keywords = {Colombia, kleptoparasitism, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiidae}, url = {http://entomologia.univalle.edu.co/boletin/3Kondo.pdf}, author = {Kondo, T. and Irina Brake and Lopez, K. I. and Korytkowski, C. A.} } @article {15493, title = {Stomosis arachnophila sp. n., a new kleptoparasitic species of freeloader flies (Diptera, Milichiidae)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {50}, year = {2010}, month = {[2010.06.30]}, pages = {91-96}, keywords = {Australia, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, original species description, Stomosis arachnophila}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.50.505}, url = {http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/article/view/505/471}, author = {Irina Brake and Tschirnhaus, M. von} } @article {15305, title = {News on insects considered as spider commensals and their hosts}, journal = {British Arachnological Society, The Newsletter}, volume = {40}, year = {1984}, pages = {3-4}, type = {article}, keywords = {Afrotropis, Desmometopa sordida, Desmometopa tristis, Europe, France, kleptoparasitism, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiidae, Seychelles, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Lopez\%20A_1984.pdf}, author = {Lopez, A.} } @article {15306, title = {Associations between flies and spiders: Bibiocommensalism and dipsoparasitism?}, journal = {Psyche, a Journal of Entomology}, volume = {84}, year = {1977}, pages = {150-157}, type = {article}, keywords = {behaviour, Central America, Desmometopa, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza, Panama, Phyllomyza, spiders}, doi = {10.1155/1977/26019}, url = {http://psyche.entclub.org/84/84-150.html}, author = {Robinson, M. H. and Robinson, B.} } @article {3766, title = {Dipterologisches aus Neu-Guinea}, journal = {Term{\'e}szetrajzi f{\"u}zetek}, volume = {20}, year = {1897}, pages = {611-613}, type = {article}, keywords = {Agromyza, Asia, Asilidae, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, minutissima, Neophyllomyza, New Guinea, species description, wulpi}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Kertesz_1897.pdf}, author = {Kert{\'e}sz, K.} } @article {3771, title = {Merkw{\"u}rdige Beziehungen zwischen Desmometopa m-atrum aus Europa und Agromyza minutissima aus Neu Guinea}, journal = {Wiener entomologische Zeitung}, volume = {17}, year = {1898}, pages = {146-151}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, minutissima, Neophyllomyza, sordida, wulpi}, url = {http://www.biologiezentrum.at/pdf_frei_remote/WEZ_17_0146-0151.pdf}, author = {Mik, J.} } @article {3775, title = {Verzeichnis einiger, von L. Bir{\'o} in Neu-Guinea und am Malayischen Archipel gesammelten Dipteren}, journal = {Term{\'e}szetrajzi f{\"u}zetek}, volume = {22}, year = {1899}, pages = {173-195}, type = {article}, keywords = {Asia, Desmometopa singaporensis, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, New Guinea, species description, spiders}, url = {http://biostor.org/reference/52004}, author = {Kert{\'e}sz, K.} } @article {3777, title = {Commensalismus bei Fliegen}, journal = {Term{\'e}szetrajzi f{\"u}zetek}, volume = {22}, year = {1899}, pages = {196-204}, type = {article}, keywords = {Asilidae, behaviour, Desmometopa, Desmometopa m-nigrum, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza wulpi, New Guinea, Orientalis}, url = {http://biostor.org/reference/52005}, author = {Bir{\'o}, L.} } @article {3799, title = {Om Desmometopa-arternas snyltg{\"a}stning hos spindlar och rofinsecter}, journal = {Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora fennica}, volume = {32}, year = {1906}, pages = {100-104}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa, Desmometopa m-nigrum, Europe, Finland, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, Reduviidae, sordida, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Lundstr{\"o}m_1906_100.pdf}, author = {Lundstr{\"o}m, C.} } @article {3837, title = {Peculiar habits of small Diptera, Desmometopa latipes Meigen}, journal = {Psyche, a Journal of Entomology}, volume = {20}, year = {1913}, pages = {37-37}, type = {article}, keywords = {kleptoparasitism, Leptometopa, Leptometopa latipes, Milichiidae, spiders}, doi = {10.1155/1913/82506}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Frost_CA_1913.pdf}, author = {Frost, C. A.} } @article {3856, title = {Commensalism in _Desmometopa_. (Diptera, Agromyzidae)}, journal = {Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington}, volume = {17}, year = {1915}, pages = {117-121}, type = {article}, keywords = {behaviour, biology, Desmometopa, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Knab\%20F_1915.pdf}, author = {Knab, F.} } @article {3860, title = {Phor{\'e}sie et commensalisme chez les _Desmometopa_}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} entomologique de France}, volume = {1917}, year = {1917}, pages = {215-218}, type = {article}, keywords = {Afrotropis, Algeria, Desmometopa, Desmometopa m-nigrum, kleptoparasitism, Leptometopa, Leptometopa latipes, Milichiidae, sordida}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Peyerimhoff_1917.pdf}, author = {Peyerimhoff, P. de} } @article {3864, title = {Die Musciden der Oberlausitz}, journal = {Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu G{\"o}rlitz}, volume = {28}, year = {1917}, pages = {257-352}, type = {article}, keywords = {biology, Desmometopa, Desmometopa m-nigrum, distribution, Europe, Germany, glabra, kleptoparasitism, Leptometopa, Leptometopa latipes, Madiza, Milichia, Milichia ludens, Milichiidae, sordida}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Kramer_1917.pdf}, author = {Kramer, H.} } @article {3894, title = {Le commensalisme de _Desmometopa sordida_ Fall{\'e}n}, journal = {Feuille des naturalistes}, volume = {45}, year = {1924}, pages = {18-19}, type = {article}, keywords = {bees, commensalism, Desmometopa, Europe, France, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, sordida}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Rabaud_1924.pdf}, author = {Rabaud, E.} } @article {3941, title = {Notes on the biology of spiders. VII. Flies that triumph over spiders}, journal = {Annals and Magazine of Natural History}, volume = {10}, year = {1931}, pages = {471-474}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, sordida, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Bristowe_1931.pdf}, author = {Bristowe, W. S.} } @article {3981, title = {XXIX. The giant wood spider}, journal = {Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society}, volume = {34}, year = {1937}, pages = {425-426}, type = {article}, keywords = {India, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, Orientalis, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Champion_Jones_1937.pdf}, author = {Champion-Jones, R. N.} } @article {4196, title = {Obligate kleptoparasitic behaviour of female flies at spider webs (Diptera: Empidoidea: Microphoridae)}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {215}, year = {1985}, pages = {348-354}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa, kleptoparasitism, Leptometopa, Leptometopa latipes, Microphoridae, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza, nitens, Paramyia, Phyllomyza, sordida, spiders, tarsalis}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Nentwig_1985.pdf}, author = {Nentwig, W.} } @article {4197, title = {Mating by kleptoparasitic flies (Diptera: Chloropidae) on a spider host}, journal = {Florida Entomologist}, volume = {68}, year = {1985}, pages = {216-222}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa, Desmometopa m-nigrum, kleptoparasitism, Leptometopa, Leptometopa latipes, Milichiella, Milichiidae, minutissima, Neophyllomyza, nitens, Paramyia, Phyllomyza, singaporensis, sordida, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Sivinski_1985.pdf}, author = {Sivinski, J.} } @article {4209, title = {Observations on commensal Diptera (Milichiidae and Chloropidae) associated with spiders in Alabama}, journal = {Journal of Arachnology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, pages = {270-272}, type = {article}, keywords = {Chloropidae, Desmometopa, Desmometopa m-nigrum, kleptoparasitism, lacteipennis, Milichiella, Milichiidae, Nearctis, Neophyllomyza, nitens, Paramyia, spiders}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3705740?cookieSet=1}, author = {Landau, G. D. and Gaylor, M. J.} } @article {4230, title = {Chemical attraction of kleptoparasitic flies to heteropteran insects caught by orb-weaving spiders}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {88}, year = {1991}, pages = {8194-8197}, type = {article}, keywords = {attractants, biology, Desmometopa, Florida, Heteroptera, kleptoparasitism, Milichiella, Milichiidae, Nearctis, Neophyllomyza, nitens, Paramyia, spiders}, url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/88/18/8194.full.pdf}, author = {Eisner, T. and Eisner, M. and Deyrup, M.} } @article {4240, title = {First record of commensal flies, _Desmometopa_ sp., on a dragonfly, _Cordulegaster boltonii_ (Donovan)}, journal = {Notulae odonatologicae}, volume = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {9-12}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa, Europe, Germany, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, Odonatae}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Sternberg_1993.pdf}, author = {Sternberg, K.} } @article {4261, title = {Chemical attraction of male crab spiders (Araneae, Thomisidae) and kleptoparasitic flies (Diptera, Milichiidae and Chloropidae)}, journal = {Journal of Arachnology}, volume = {23}, year = {1995}, pages = {212-214}, type = {article}, keywords = {attractants, Chloropidae, kleptoparasitism, Milichiella, Milichiella arcuata, United States}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Aldrich_JR\&Barros_1995_212_crab-spiders.pdf}, author = {Aldrich, J. R. and Barros, T. M.} } @article {4288, title = {Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the Diptera}, journal = {Florida Entomologist}, volume = {82}, year = {1999}, pages = {179-197}, type = {article}, keywords = {Chloropidae, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, phoresy}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Sivinski\%20et\%20al_1999.pdf}, author = {Sivinski, J. and Marshall, S. A. and Petersson, E.} } @book {3994, title = {Entomophagous insects}, year = {1940}, pages = {X + 688 pp}, publisher = {Mc Graw-Hill (Reprint 1962: Hafner)}, organization = {Mc Graw-Hill (Reprint 1962: Hafner)}, address = {New York}, keywords = {kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae}, author = {Clausen, C. P.} } @book {3996, title = {The comity of spiders}, volume = {2}, year = {1941}, pages = {362-370}, publisher = {Ray Society}, organization = {Ray Society}, address = {London}, keywords = {Desmometopa, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, sordida, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Bristowe_1941.pdf}, author = {Bristowe, W. S.} } @article {4035, title = {Commensalism of _Desmometopa_ with predacious insects and spiders}, journal = {Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London}, volume = {18}, year = {1953}, pages = {55-56}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa, Europe, France, Heteroptera, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Richards_1953.pdf}, author = {Richards, O. W.} } @article {4073, title = {A milichiid fly (Milichiella lacteipennis)}, journal = {Cooperative economic insect report}, volume = {13}, year = {1963}, pages = {536}, type = {article}, keywords = {Hawaii, kleptoparasitism, lacteipennis, Milichiella, Milichiidae, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Krauss\%20NLH_1963.pdf}, author = {Krauss, N. L. H.} } @article {4077, title = {Milichiella lacteipennis (Loew)}, journal = {Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society}, volume = {18}, year = {1964}, pages = {334}, type = {article}, keywords = {Hawaii, kleptoparasitism, lacteipennis, Milichiella, Milichiidae, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Krauss\%20NLH_1964.pdf}, author = {Krauss, N. L. H.} } @article {4141, title = {Observations on flies of the family Milichiidae cleaning Araneus and Nephila spiders}, journal = {Western Australian Naturalist}, volume = {13}, year = {1976}, pages = {96-96}, type = {article}, keywords = {Australien, Desmometopa, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, spiders}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/McMillan_1976.pdf}, author = {McMillan, R. P.} } @article {4170, title = {A kleptoparasitic Cecidomyiid and other flies associated with spiders}, journal = {Psyche, a Journal of Entomology}, volume = {87}, year = {1980}, pages = {337-348}, type = {article}, keywords = {Desmometopa, kleptoparasitism, Milichiidae, Nearctis, Neophyllomyza, nitens, Paramyia, spiders}, doi = {10.1155/1980/27685}, url = {http://psyche.entclub.org/87/87-337.html}, author = {Sivinski, J. and Stowe, M.} }