@article {23906, title = {{\textquoteleft}Bleeding{\textquoteright} flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) mimic wounded insects to attract kleptoparasitic fly pollinators}, journal = {New Phytologist}, volume = {239}, year = {2023}, month = {Apr-04-2023}, pages = {1490-1504}, abstract = {

Summary Kleptomyiophily, where flowers imitate wounded insects to attract \‘kleptoparasitic\’ flies as pollinators, is one of the most specialized types of floral mimicry and often involves physical trapping devices. However, the diversity of pollinators and functional floral traits involved in this form of mimicry remain poorly understood. We report a novel example of kleptomyiophily in the nontrapping flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii and explore the floral traits responsible for attracting pollinators. The pollinators, reproductive biology and floral traits (including epidermal surfaces, spectral reflectance and the composition of nectariferous petal secretions and scent) were investigated. Attractive volatiles were identified using electrophysiological and behavioural experiments. Ceropegia gerrardii was predominantly pollinated by kleptoparasitic Desmometopa spp. (Milichiidae) flies. The flower corollas extrude a protein- and sugar-containing secretion, similar to the haemolymph of wounded insects, on which the flies feed. Floral scent was chemically similar to that of injured honey bees. Four out of 24 electrophysiologically active compounds, all released by injured honey bees, were identified as key players in pollinator attraction. Our results suggest that C.\ gerrardii flowers chemically mimic wounded honey bees to attract kleptoparasitic flies and reward them with a secretion similar to the haemolymph on which they would normally feed.

}, keywords = {behavioural trap, Brachystelma, electroantennographic detection, floral scent, fly-pollination, haemolymph mimicry, honey bee mimicry, kleptoparasitism}, issn = {0028-646X, 1469-8137}, doi = {10.1111/nph.18888}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.18888}, author = {Heiduk, Annemarie and Brake, Irina and Shuttleworth, Adam and Johnson, Steven D.} } @inbook {23594, title = {Milichiidae}, booktitle = {Diptera of the Po{\v l}ana Protected Landscape Area - Biosphere Reserve (Central Slovakia)}, year = {2009}, pages = {243-345, 340 pp}, publisher = {SNC SR, Administration of the PLA {\textendash} BR Po{\v l}ana}, organization = {SNC SR, Administration of the PLA {\textendash} BR Po{\v l}ana}, address = {Zvolen}, keywords = {Slovakia}, author = {Jindrich Rohacek and Jindrich Rohacek and {\v S}ev{\v c}{\'\i}k, J.} } @article {23518, title = {Floral scent and pollinators of Ceropegia trap flowers}, journal = {Flora}, volume = {232}, year = {2017}, pages = {169{\textendash}182}, abstract = {

Ceropegia L. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) comprises more than 200 species, all characterized by complex pitfall flowers. The deceptive flowers are myiophilous and pollinated predominantly by small flies from different families. It has been suggested that floral scent cues, that mimic food sources or oviposition sites, play an important role for attraction of target fly pollinators, and, together with morphological flower traits, explain the high functional specialization in terms of pollination by specific taxa. However, apart from two Ceropegia species, the floral scent composition and the mimicry strategies in this genus are unexplored. We tested for associations between floral scent and insect visitor and pollinator assemblages of 14 Ceropegia species. We also used nrDNA and chloroplast DNA markers to calculate a Maximum Likelihood tree and test for phylogenetic signal in scent chemistry and flower visitors/pollinators. The observed pollinators belonged to eight fly families, at least 18 genera, and 33 morphospecies, but each Ceropegia species was typically associated with only one or two pollinating fly families or genera. We detected a total of 317 floral volatiles, including aliphatic and aromatic components, terpenes, and various unknowns. Both flower visitor and pollinator patterns did not show an overall association with floral
scent chemistry. There was phylogenetic signal in flower visiting fly families and fly pollinator assemblages, but not in flower visiting fly morphospecies and overall scent chemistry. We discuss that despite the not existing correlation between pollinator and scent patterns the highly specific pollination system in Ceropegia will be explained mainly by floral scent chemistry.

}, keywords = {Chemical mimicry, Deceptive strategy, Fly pollination, Pollen transfer efficiency, Scent specificity}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2017.02.001}, author = {A Heiduk and Irina Brake and Tschirnhaus, M. von and Haenni, J. P. and Miller, R. and Hash, J. and Prieto-Ben{\'\i}tez, S. and J{\"u}rgens, A. and Johnson, S. D. and Schulz, S. and Liede-Schumann, S. and Meve, U. and D{\"o}tterl, S.} } @article {23226, title = {Ceropegia sandersonii mimics attacked honeybees to attract kleptoparasitic flies for pollination}, journal = {Current Biology}, volume = {26}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/10/24}, pages = {1-7}, abstract = {

Four to six percent of plants, distributed over different angiosperm families, entice pollinators by deception [1]. In these systems, chemical mimicry is often used as an efficient way to exploit the olfactory preferences of animals for the purpose of attracting them as pollinators [2,3]. Here, we report a very specific type of chemical mimicry of a food source. Ceropegia sandersonii (Apocynaceae), a deceptive South African plant with pitfall flowers, mimics attacked honeybees. We identified kleptoparasitic Desmometopa flies (Milichiidae) as the main pollinators of C. sandersonii. These flies are well known to feed on honeybees that are eaten by spiders, which we thus predicted as the model chemically mimicked by the plant. Indeed, we found that the floral scent of C. sandersonii is comparable to volatiles released from honeybees when under simulated attack. Moreover, many of these shared compounds elicited physiological responses in antennae of pollinating Desmometopa flies. A mixture of four compounds\—geraniol, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanol, and (E)-2-octen-1-yl acetate\—was highly attractive to the flies. We conclude that C. sandersonii is specialized on kleptoparasitic fly pollinators by deploying volatiles linked to the flies\’ food source, i.e., attacked and/or freshly killed honeybees. The blend of compounds emitted by C. sandersonii is unusual among flowering plants and lures kleptoparasitic flies into the trap flowers. This study describes a new example of how a plant can achieve pollination through chemical mimicry of the food sources of adult carnivorous animals.

}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.085}, author = {A Heiduk and Irina Brake and Tschirnhaus, M. von and G{\"o}hl, M. and J{\"u}rgens, A. and Johnson, S. D. and Meve, U. and D{\"o}tterl, S.} } @inbook {23161, title = {Tujerodne vrste dvokrilcev (Diptera)}, booktitle = {Neobiota Slovenije, kon{\v c}no poro{\v c}ilo projekta. Oddelek za biologijo BF UL}, year = {2012}, pages = {272 pp}, address = {Ljubljana}, url = {http://www.bioportal.si/neobiota/CRP-Neobiota\%20Slovenije\%20Zbornik\%2010-4\%20dvokrilci.pdf}, author = {de Groot, M and Jogan, N and Ba{\v c}i{\v c},M and Strgulc Kraj{\v s}ek, S} } @article {22946, title = {Deceptive Ceropegia dolichophylla fools its kleptoparasitic fly pollinators with exceptional floral scent}, journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

Ceropegia species (Apocynaceae) have deceptive pitfall flowers and exploit small flies as pollinators, supposedly by chemical mimicry. Only preliminary data on the composition of flower scents are available for a single species so far, and the mimicry system is not yet understood in any species. We collected data on basic pollination aspects of C. dolichophylla, analyzed floral scent by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC/MS), identified electrophysiologically active scent components by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD), and determined compounds responsible for pollinator attraction in bioassays. We found that flowers of C. dolichophylla are visited by small flies of several taxa. Only Milichiidae and Chloropidae carried pollinaria and are, thus, pollinators. The pollen transfer efficiency (PTE) at two different sites was 2\% and 4\%, respectively. The floral scent was dominated by spiroacetals, mainly (2S,6R,8S)-8-methyl-2-propyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, n-tridecane, and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide. This spiroacetal and the acetamide elicited the most intense electrophysiological responses in fly antennae, and bioassays confirmed the capability of the spiroacetal in eliciting behavioral responses in pollinators. Most flies, determined as pollinators of C. dolichophylla, are kleptoparasites. They exploit insect prey of predatory arthropods as food source to which they are attracted by volatiles. 8-Methyl-2-propyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide have not been identified before as volatiles of other plants, however, they are known as insect volatiles. Both compounds occur in the venom glands of paper wasps, a potential food source for the pollinators of C. dolichophylla. We propose that C. dolichophylla shows a kleptomyiophilous pollination strategy. It mimics insect related odors to exploit the food-seeking behavior of its kleptoparasitic pollinators.

}, issn = {2296-701X}, doi = {10.3389/fevo.2015.00066}, url = {http://www.frontiersin.org/chemical_ecology/10.3389/fevo.2015.00066/abstract}, author = {Heiduk, Annemarie and Kong, Hanghui and Irina Brake and von Tschirnhaus, Michael and Tolasch, Till and Tr{\"o}ger, Armin and Wittenberg, Elisabeth and Francke, Wittko and Meve, Ulrich and D{\"o}tterl, Stefan} } @inbook {22824, title = {Desmometopa microps Lamb, 1914}, booktitle = {Nep{\r u}vodn{\'\i} druhy fauny a fl{\'o}ry {\v C}esk{\'e} republiky. [Alien species in the fauna and flora of the Czech Republic]}, year = {2006}, pages = {Pp. 321-322 (496 pp)}, publisher = {{\v C}esk{\'y} svaz ochr{\'a}nc{\r u} p{\v r}{\'\i}rody}, organization = {{\v C}esk{\'y} svaz ochr{\'a}nc{\r u} p{\v r}{\'\i}rody}, address = {Praha}, keywords = {Czech Republic, Desmometopa microps}, author = {Jindrich Rohacek}, editor = {J Mlikovsky and P Styblo} } @article {22817, title = {Records of interesting flies (Diptera) attracted to meat baited pyramidal trap on sapping stump of European walnut (Juglans regia) in Central Bohemia (Czech Republic)}, journal = {Casopis slezsk{\'e}ho zemsk{\'e}ho muzea (A)}, volume = {60}, year = {2012}, month = {2012/01/??}, pages = {223{\textendash}233}, keywords = {Desmometopa microps, Diptera, meat-bait, Milichia ludens, new records, pyramidal trap, sapping stump of Juglans regia}, doi = {10.2478/v10210-011-0026-3}, url = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cszma.2011.60.issue-3/v10210-011-0026-3/v10210-011-0026-3.xml?rskey=S7x21Z\&result=3}, author = {Bart{\'a}k, M. and Jindrich Rohacek} } @inbook {22801, title = {Milichiidae}, booktitle = {Diptera of Podyji National Park and its environs}, year = {2005}, pages = {315{\textendash}318}, publisher = {Cesk{\'a} zemedelsk{\'a} univerzita v Praze}, organization = {Cesk{\'a} zemedelsk{\'a} univerzita v Praze}, address = {Praha}, keywords = {Czech Republic}, author = {Jindrich Rohacek and Kubik, S and Bart{\'a}k, M.}, editor = {Bart{\'a}k, M. and Kubik, S} } @article {21977, title = {New and interesting records of Diptera (Asteiidae, Aulacigastridae, Milichiidae, Sphaeroceridae) from the Czech Republic}, journal = {Casopis Slezskeho Zemskeho Muzea Serie A Vedy Prirodni}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, pages = {165-170}, abstract = {

Records of 10 species of the families Asteiidae, Aulacigastridae, Milichiidae, Sphaeroceridae from the Czech Republic are presented. Sphaerocera pseudomonilis hallux Rohacek \& Flordn, 1987 (Sphaeroceridae) represents a new addition to the fauna of Central Europe. Two species, Leiomyza birkheadi Gibbs in Gibbs \& Papp, 2007 (Asteiidae) and Aulacigaster falcata Papp, 1997 (Aulacigastridae), are reported for the first time from the Czech Republic. The available Czech material formerly identified as \"Leiomyza laevigata\" is revised and records of true Leiomyza laevigata (Meigen, 1830) are published. New record of Milichiella tiefii (Mik, 1887) (Milichiidae) from Bohemia and of Trachyopella (Nudopella) hem Rohacek \& Marshall, 1986 (Sphaeroceridae) from Moravia are given. Additional findings of some rare species of Sphaeroceridae are also presented and the spreading of a recently introduced species, Desmometopa microps Lamb, 1914 (Milichiidae), in South Bohemia is documented.

}, keywords = {Asteiidae (Cyclorrhapha)., Aulacigaster falcata, Aulacigastridae (Cyclorrhapha)., Leiomyza birkheadi (Asteiidae): [New record]., Milichiella tiefii (Milichiidae): [New record]., Milichiidae (Cyclorrhapha)., Sphaerocera pseudomonilis (Sphaeroceridae): [New record]., Sphaeroceridae (Cyclorrhapha)., Trachyopella (Nudopella) hem (Sphaeroceridae): [New record].}, isbn = {1211-3026}, author = {Jindrich Rohacek and Maca, Jan} } @inbook {21830, title = {21. Superfamily Carnoidea}, booktitle = {The Diptera of the Seychelles islands}, year = {2009}, note = {ib}, pages = {335-344}, publisher = {Pensoft}, organization = {Pensoft}, address = {Sofia-Moscow}, keywords = {Desmometopa inauratum, Desmometopa m-nigrum, Desmometopa microps, Enigmilichia dimorphica, key to species, Leptometopa nilssoni, Madiza albipennis, Milichia pubescens, Milichia suberba, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiella melaleuca, Milichiella solitaria, Milichiella tristis, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza approximatonervis, Seychelles}, author = {J Gerlach}, editor = {J Gerlach} } @book {21817, title = {A check list of Japanese Insects}, year = {1989}, pages = {1767 pp}, publisher = {The Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, the Japan Wildlife Research Center}, organization = {The Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, the Japan Wildlife Research Center}, address = {Fukuoka}, keywords = {Desmometopa microps, Japan, Milichiidae}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Morimoto_1989.pdf}, author = {Hirashima, Y. and Morimoto, K. and Tadauchi, O.} } @article {14881, title = {Milichiidae of the Lake Kerkini region in Greece}, number = {19 January 2010}, year = {2010}, keywords = {Desmometopa discipalpis, Desmometopa microps, Desmometopa sordida, Enigmilichia, Greece, Leptometopa latipes, Leptometopa niveipennis, Leptometopa rufifrons, Madiza, Madiza glabra, Milichia ludens, Milichia speciosa, Milichiella argyrogaster, Milichiella iberica, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza acyglossa, Paramyia hungarica, Phyllomyza longipalpis, Phyllomyza securicornis, Phyllomyza sp. Sultanitsa}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/node/12233}, author = {Irina Brake} } @article {3846, title = {The Percy Sladen Trust expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M. A. Vol. 5. No XV}, journal = {Transactions of the Linnean Society of London}, volume = {16}, year = {1914}, pages = {307-372}, type = {article}, keywords = {Afrotropis, Desmometopa inaurata, Desmometopa m-nigrum, Desmometopa microps, Desmometopa tristis, images, Leptometopa albipennis, Milichia superba, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiella solitaria, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza approximatonervis, Seychelles, species description; Orientalis; Java; Milichiella sumptuosa; Milichiella javana; Milichiidae}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Lamb1914-359-367-pl.pdf}, author = {Lamb, C. G.} } @article {4262, title = {The genus Desmometopa Loew (Diptera, Milichiidae) of Japan}, journal = {Medical entomology and zoology}, volume = {47}, year = {1996}, pages = {347-353}, type = {article}, keywords = {Asia, biology, Desmometopa, Desmometopa m-nigrum, images, Japan, key, localities, microps, Milichiidae, singaporensis, sordida, varipalpis}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Iwasa\%20M_1996.pdf}, author = {Iwasa, M.} } @inbook {4298, title = {Milichiidae}, booktitle = {Diptera in an industrially affected region (North-Western Bohemia, Bilina and Duchcov Environs)}, series = {Folia Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis}, number = {105}, year = {2001}, pages = {389-393}, type = {chapter}, keywords = {Czech Republic, Desmometopa, equitans, flavitarsis, formicae, glabra, Leptometopa, Leptometopa latipes, Leptometopa niveipennis, longipalpis, Madiza, melania, microps, Milichiidae, Neophyllomyza, Neophyllomyza acyglossa, Phyllomyza, rubricornis, securicornis, silesiaca, sordida}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Roh{\'a}{\v c}ek\%20J\%20\&\%20Bartak\%20M_2001_385.pdf}, author = {Jindrich Rohacek and Bart{\'a}k, M.}, editor = {Bart{\'a}k, M. and Vanhara, J.} } @article {4162, title = {Milichiidae and Carnidae from Afghanistan}, journal = {Folia entomologica hungarica}, volume = {32}, year = {1979}, pages = {105-109}, type = {article}, keywords = {Afghanistan, Asia, Carnidae; Milichiidae [Germany / Central / Faunal characteristics, Desmometopa m-nigrum, Desmometopa microps, Desmometopa singaporensis, Desmometopa varipalpis, faunistics, Hemeromyia afghanica, Leptometopa latipes, Leptometopa niveipennis, Leptometopa rufifrons, Madiza glabra, Meoneura glaberrima, Meoneura hennigi, Meoneura prima, Meoneura subfreta, Milichiella lacteipennis, Milichiidae, species description}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Papp_1979_105.pdf}, author = {Papp, L.} } @article {4187, title = {A Synopsis of the world species of Desmometopa Loew (Diptera, Milichiidae)}, journal = {Contributions of the American Entomological Institute}, volume = {19(8)}, year = {1983}, pages = {1-69}, type = {article}, keywords = {biology, Desmometopa, distribution, genus description, key, Milichiidae, species description}, url = {http://milichiidae.info/sites/milichiidae.info/files/Sabrosky_1983.pdf}, author = {Sabrosky, C. W.} }